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By Thorsten Lück, Günter Heinrichs, IFEN GmbH, and Achim Hornbostel, German Aerospace Center This article discusses the GALANT adaptively steered antenna array and receiver and demonstrates the test scenarios generated with the GNSS simulator. Exemplary results of different static and dynamic test scenarios are presented, demonstrating the attitude determination capabilities as well as the interference detection and mitigation capabilities. The vulnerability of GNSS to radio frequency interference and spoofing has become more and more of a concern for navigation applications requiring a high level of accuracy and reliability, for example, safety of life applications in aviation, railway, and maritime environments.In addition to pure power jamming with continuous wave (CW), noise or chirp signals, cases of intentional or unintentional spoofing with wrong GNSS signals have also been reported. Hardware simulations with GNSS constellation signal generators enable the investigation of the impact of radio interference and spoofing on GNSS receivers in a systematic, parameterized and repeatable way. The behavior of different receivers and receiver algorithms for detection and mitigation can be analyzed in dependence on interference power, distance of spoofers, and other parameters. This article gives examples of realistic and advanced simulation scenarios, set up for simulation of several user antennas simultaneously. The professional-grade high-end satellite navigation testing and R&D device used here is powerful, easy to use, and fully capable of multi-constellation / multi-frequency GNSS simulations for safety-of-life, spatial and professional applications. It provides all L-band frequencies for GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou, QZSS, SBAS and beyond in one box simultaneously. It avoids the extra complexity and cost of using additional signal generators or intricate architectures involving several hardware boxes, and offers full control of scenario generation. A multi-RF capable version provides up to four independent RF outputs and a master RF output that combines the RF signal of each of the up to four individual RF outputs. Each individual RF output is connected to one or more “Merlin” modules (the core signal generator module for one single carrier) allowing simulation of up to 12 satellites per module. Because of the flexible design of the Merlin module, each one can be configured to any of the supported L-band frequencies. As one chassis supports up to nine individual Merlin modules, different Multi-RF combinations are feasible: two RF outputs with up to four modules each three RF outputs with up to three modules each four RF outputs with up to two modules each. With these configurations, the user can simulate different static or dynamic receivers or even one receiver with multiple antennas, covering such challenging scenarios as ground networks, formation flying or use of beam-forming antennas. As the user is free to assign each individual module to a dedicated simulated antenna, the user could also employ up to nine modules to simulate nine different carrier signals for one single antenna using the master RF output, thus simulating the complete frequency spectrum for all current available GNSS systems in one single simulation. All modules are calibrated to garantee a carrier phase coherency of better than ±0.5°. Figure 1 shows the output at the RF master of two modules assigned to the same carrier but with a phase offset of 180°. Figure 1. Carrier-phase alignment of the high-end simulator with six modules compared to the first module. Theoretically, the resulting signal should be zero because of the destructive interference. In practice, a small residual signal remains because of component tolerance, small amplitude differences and other influences. Nevertheless the best cancellation can be seen at this point. The phase accuracy can now simply be estimated from the measured power level of the residual signal:   (1)  (2) with This means that the sum of two sine waves with the same frequency gives another sine wave. It has again the same frequency, but a phase offset and its amplitude is changed by the factor A. The factor A does affect the power level. If φ is 180° then A is 0, which means complete cancellation. So A shows the power of the resulting signal relative to the single sine wave. It can also be transformed to dB:  (3) Figure 2 shows the carrier suppression as a function of carrier phase offset with a pole at 180ϒ. Figure 2. Carrier suppresion as a function of phase delay. The factory calibration aligns the modules to a maximum of 0.5ϒ misalignment. The measured suppresion therefore shall be better than 41.18 dBc. In practice, the residual signal is also caused by other influences, so that the actual phase alignment can be expected to be much better. With four RF outputs, the received signal of a four element antenna can be configured very easily. Figure 3 shows the dialog to configure a four-element antenna with the geometry shown in Figure 4. Note that the antenna elements are configured in the body-fixed system with the x-axis to front and the y-axis to the right (inline with a north-east-down, NED, system when facing to north), while the geometry shown in Figure 4 follows an east-north-up (ENU) convention. Figure 3. Configuration of individual antennas per receiver. Figure 4. Geometry of the GALANT four-element phased-array antenna (view from top). The following sections give an overview of multi-antenna systems and discuss results from a measurement campaign of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) utilizing the simulator and the DLR GALileo ANTenna array (GALANT) four-element multi-antenna receiver. Multi-Antenna Receivers Multi-antenna receivers utilize an antenna array with a number of antenna elements. The signals of each antenna element are mixed down and converted from analog to digital for baseband processing. In the baseband, the signals received by the different antenna elements are multiplied with complex weighting factors and summed. The weighting factors are chosen in such a way that the received signals from each antenna element cancel out into the direction of the interferers (nulling) and additionally, for advanced digital beamforming, such that the gain is increased into the direction of the satellites by forming of individual beams to each satellite. Because all these methods work with carrier phases, it is important that in the simulation setup, the signals contain the correct carrier phases at the RF-outputs of the simulator corresponding to the user satellite and user-interferer geometry, and the position and attitude of the simulated array antenna. Figure 5 presents the geometry of a rectangular antenna array with 2×2 elements and a signal s(t) impinging from direction (ϕ, θ). Figure 5. Parallel wavefront impinging on a rectangular array with 2×2 elements. The spacings of the elements dx, dy are typically half a wavelength, but can also be less. The range difference for antenna element i relative to the reference element in the center of the coordinate system depends on the incident direction (ϕ, θ) and the position (m=0,1, n=0,1) of the element within the array:  (4) The corresponding carrier phase shift is:  (5) For CRPA and adaptive beam forming applications, the differential code delays may be neglected if they are small compared to the code chip length. However, it is essential that the carrier phase differences are precisely simulated, because they contain the information about the incident direction of the signal and are the basis for the array processing in the receiver. For instance, the receiver can estimate the directions of arrival of the incident signals from these carrier phase differences. Now we consider a 2×2 array antenna. It can be simulated with the simulator with four RF outputs, where each output corresponds to one antenna element. In the simulator control software, a user with four antennas is set up, where the position of each antenna element is defined as an antenna position offset relative to the user position. In this approach, both differential code and carrier delays due to the simulated array geometry are taken into account, because the code and carrier pseudoranges are computed by the simulator for the position of each antenna element. However, the RF hardware channels of the receiver front-end may have differential delays against each other, which may even vary with time. If the direction of the satellites and interferers shall be estimated correctly by the receiver algorithms, a calibration signal is required to measure and compensate these differential hardware delays. For the real antenna system, a binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) signal with zero delay for each antenna channel is generated by the array receiver and fed into the antenna calibration port. For the simulation, this calibration signal must also be generated by the constellation simulator. In a simple way, a satellite in the zenith of the user antenna can be simulated, which has the same distance and delay to all antenna elements. Unfortunately, this simple solution includes some limitations to the simulated position and attitude of the user, because the user position must be at the Equator (if a “real” satellite is simulated in form of a geostationary satellite) and the antenna must not be tilted. With a small customization of the simulator software, these limitations could be overcome. Figure 6 shows how to set up the generation of a reference signal. This reference signal can either be simulated as a transmitter directly above the user position, which follows the user position and thus allows also simulations offside the Equator, or simulated as a zero-range signal on all RF outputs, neglecting any geometry, which is the preferred method. The latter one is more or less identical to the reference/calibration signal generated by the receiver itself. Figure 6. Configuration of a modulated reference signal. The power level of this signal is held constant and is not affected by any propagation delay or attenuation simulated by the control center. Attitude Determination According to Figure 5, the phase difference measured between antenna elements is a function of the direction of arrival (DoA). Thus, the DoAs of the incident signals can be estimated from the phase differences. In the GALANT receiver, the DoAs are estimated by an EPSPRIT algorithm after correlation of the signals. Compared with the (known) positions of the GNSS satellites, this allows the estimation of the antenna array attitude. Figure 7 shows the sky-plot of simulated satellites as seen at receiver location (simulated on the right; reconstructed by the receiver from the decoded almanac in the middle and the DoA on the left). By comparison of the estimated DoAs of all satellites and the skyplot from the almanac, the attitude of the antenna is estimated (left). In addition, the attitude angles simulated by the simulator is given (right). Figure 7. Simulating and estimating attitude with a multi-element antenna. Simulation of Interference It is possible to simulate some simple types of interference. Possible interference scenarios are: Wideband Noise. By increasing the power of a single satellite of the same or another GNSS constellation, a wideband pseudo-noise signal can be generated. Using a geostationary satellite also enables simulating an interference source at low elevations and constant position. Use of power-level files also allow generation of scenarios with intermittent interference (switching on and off the interference) with switching rates up to 5 Hz. CW or Multi-Carrier IF. By disabling the spreading code and navigation message, a CW signal can be generated. The simulator also allows configuration of subcarrier modulations. Without spreading code (or to be precise with a spreading code of constant zero) the generated signal will consist of two carriers symmetrically around the original signal carrier (for example, configuring a BOC(1,1) signal will create two CW signals at 1.57542 GHz ± 1.023 MHz, thus producing “ideal” interferer for the Galileo E1 OS signal.) Depending on the number of Merlin modules per RF output, interference to signal ratios up to 80 dB could be realized, limited by a dynamic range of 40 dB within one module and additional 40 dB range between two modules. However, the maximum power level of one individual signal is currently limited to -90 dBm. If only one channel per module is used, the maximum power level of this single signal can be increased by another 18 dB (for example, by using one module solely for interference generation and another module for GNSS simulation). Figure 8 shows the simulated geometry for an interference scenario based on wideband noise generated by a geostationary satellite, producing –90 dBm signal power at the receiver front end. The interference source is very near to the direction of PRN 22 with a jammer power of –90 dBm, resulting in a jammer to signal ratio of J/S = 25 dB. Figure 8. Geometry for the wideband noise interference scenario. Figure 9 shows the two-dimensional antenna pattern as a result of the beam-forming before and after switching on the interferer. The mitigation algorithm tries to minimize gain into the direction of the interferer. As this also decreases gain into the direction of the intended satellite, the C/N0 drops by approximately 10 dB for PRN 22, because its main beam is shifted away from the interference direction. For satellites in other directions, the decrease in C/N0 is less: compare Figure 9 with Figure 10. However, the receiver still keeps tracking the satellite. After switching of beamforming, the signal is lost. Figure 9. Beamforming for PRN 22 (light green line in lower plot) to mitigate for interference. Figure 10. Tracking is lost after switching off beamforming for individual channels (light blue, purple) and all channels (at the end of the plot). Simulation of Spoofing The simulation of a spoofing signal requires twice the resources as the real-world scenario, as every “real” LoS-signal must also be generated for the spoofing source. A simulation of an intentional spoofer who aims to spoof a dedicated position in this context is, however, very similiar to the simulation of a repeater ([un-]intentional interferer) device: The repeater (re-)transmits the RF signal received at its receiver position. A receiver tracking this signal will generate the position of the repeater location but will observe an additional local clock error defined by the processing time within the repeater and the travel time between repeater and receiver position. A correct simulation for a multi-antenna receiver therefore has to superpose the code and carrier range as observed at the repeater location (considering geometric range between the transmit antenna of the repeater and the individual antenna elements) with the code and carrier ranges at the receiver location. Instead of the location of the repeater P2, however, any intended location Px could be used to simulate an intelligent spoofer attack (Figure 11). The simulator can generate such scenarios by configuring the position of the (re-)transmitting antenna and the intended position (for example, the position of the repeater). By calculating the difference between the real receiver position and the position of the transmitting antenna, the additional delay and free-space loss can be taken into account. The user may also configure the gain of the transmit antenna and the processing time within the repeater. Currently, this setup does only support one “user” antenna to be simulated. However, this feature combined with multi-antenna support will enable the simulator to simulate repeater or intelligent spoofer attacks in the future (Figure 12). To distinguish the “real” signal from the “repeated” signal, the “repeated” signal could be tagged as a multipath signal. This approach would allow simulation of the complete environment of “real” and “repeated” GNSS signals in one single simulator. Figure 11. Geometry of repeater/spoofer and GNSS receiver. Figure 12. Simulator’s capability to simulate a repeater. Manufacturers The simulator producing the results described here is the NavX-NCS from IFEN GmbH. The simulator is valuable laboratory equipment for testing not only standard or high-end single-antenna GNSS receivers, but also offers additional benefit for multi-antenna GNSS receivers like the DLR GALANT controlled reception pattern antenna system. The GNSS constellation simulator offers up to four phase-coherent RF outputs, allowing the simulation of four antenna elements with two carrier frequencies, each utilizing one single chassis being 19 inch wide and 2 HU high. Simulation of intentional and unintentional interference is a possible feature of the simulator and allows receiver designers and algorithm developers to test and enhance their applications in the presence of interference to identify, locate and mitigate for interference sources. Thorsten Lück studied electrical engineering at the universities in Stuttgart and Bochum. He received a Ph.D. (Dr.- Ing.) from the University of the Federal Armed Forces in Munich in 2007 on INS/GNSS integration for rail applications. Since 2003, he has worked for IFEN GmbH, where he started as head of R&D embedded systems in the receiver technology division. In 2012 he changed from receiver development to simulator technologies as product manager of IFEN’s professional GNSS simulator series NavX-NCS and head of the navigation products department. Günter Heinrichs is the head of the Customer Applications Department and business development at IFEN GmbH, Poing, Germany.  He received a Dipl.-Ing. degree in communications engineering in 1988, a Dipl.- Ing. degree in data processing engineering and a Dr.-Ing. degree in electrical engineering in 1991 and 1995, respectively. In 1996 he joined the satellite navigation department of MAN Technologie AG in Augsburg, Germany, where he was responsible for system architectures and design, digital signals, and data processing of satellite navigation receiver systems. From 1999 to April 2002 he served as head and R&D manager of MAN Technologie’s satellite navigation department. Achim Hornbostel joined the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in 1989 after he received his engineer diploma in electrical engineering from the University of Hannover in the same year. Since 2000, he has been a staff member of the Institute of Communications and Navigation at DLR. He was involved in several projects for remote sensing, satellite communications and satellite navigation.  In 1995 he received his Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the University of Hannover. His main activities are in receiver development, interference mitigation and signal propagation.

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(+) - center postive.good grounding rules are followed in the design,replacement lac-sn195v100w ac adapter 19.5v 5.13a 100w used,hp c5160-80000 ac adapter 12v dc 1.6a adp-19ab scanjet 5s scanne.fujitsu ac adapter 19vdc 3.68 used 2.8 x 4 x 12.5mm,panasonic kx-tca1 ac adapter 9vdc 350ma +(-) 2x5.5mm used cordle.hp f1044b ac adapter 12vdc 3.3a adp-40cb power supply hp omnibo.hp compaq adp-65hb b ac adapter 18.5vdc 3.5a -(+) 1.7x4.8mm used.kenwood dc-4 mobile radio charger 12v dc.kodak k3000 ac adapter 4.2vdc 1.2a used li-on battery charger e8.sony ac-v65a ac power adapter 7.5vdc 10v 1.6a 1.3a 20w charger p.it will be a wifi jammer only,rf 315 mhz 433mhz and other signals.hp 0950-2852 class 2 battery charger nicd nimh usa canada,brother epa-5 ac adapter 7.5vdc 1a used +(-) 2x5.5x9.7mm round b,shindengen za12002gn ac adapter 12v 2a ite power supply,utstarcom psc11a-050 ac adapter +5vdc 2a used -(+) 1.5x4mm cru66.hon-kwang hk-u-120a015-us ac adapter 12vdc 0-0.5a used -(+)- 2x5,wj-y482100400d ac adapter 21vdc 400ma used toolmaster battery ch.lei 41071oo3ct ac dc adapter 7.5v 1000ma class 2 power supply.

Belkin car cigarette lighter charger for wireless fm transmitter,pace fa-0512000su ac adapter 5.1vdc 2a used -(+) 1.5x4x9mm round.a mobile jammer circuit or a cell phone jammer circuit is an instrument or device that can prevent the reception of signals by mobile phones,compaq ppp003sd ac adapter 18.5v 2.7a laptop power supply,a prerequisite is a properly working original hand-held transmitter so that duplication from the original is possible,dell aa90pm111 ac adapter 19.5v dc 4.62a used 1x5x5.2mm-(+)-.samsung sad1212 ac adapter 12vdc 1a used-(+) 1.5x4x9mm power sup,ambico ue-4112600d ac dc adapter 12v 7.2va power supply.a digital multi meter was used to measure resistance,while the second one shows 0-28v variable voltage and 6-8a current,microsoft 1134 wireless receiver 700v2.0 used 5v 100ma x814748-0.bionx hp1202l3 01-3443 ac adaptor 45.65vdc 2a 3pin 10mm power di,a cell phone signal amplifier,brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller,phs and 3gthe pki 6150 is the big brother of the pki 6140 with the same features but with considerably increased output power,uniross x-press 150 aab03000-b-1 european battery charger for aa,daino lite limited dmpi60 ac adapter 12vac 60va 2pin transformer,the second type of cell phone jammer is usually much larger in size and more powerful,compaq series 2862a ac adapter 16.5vdc 2.6a -(+) 2x5.5mm used 10,chicony w10-040n1a ac adapter 19vdc 2.15a 40w used -(+) 1.5x5.5x,nyko 87000-a50 nintendo wii remote charge station.disrupting the communication between the phone and the cell-phone base station,samsung pscv400102a ac adapter 16v 2.5a ite power supply.dv-6520 ac adapter 6.5vdc 200ma 6w used 2.5x11.1mm trs connector.this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating,eng 3a-122wp05 ac adapter 5vdc 2a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm black used swit,4120-1230-dc ac adapter 12vdc 300ma used -(+) stereo pin power s.sony ac-v55 ac adapter 7.5v 10v dc 1.6a 1.3a 26w power supply,ac adapter ea11203b power supply 19vdc 6a 120w power supply h19v.dve dsa-0101f-05 up ac adapter 5v 2a power supply,li shin lse0107a1240 ac adapter 12vdc 3.33a -(+)- 2x5.5mm 100-24,apple adp-60ad b ac adapter 16vdc 3.65a used 5 pin magnetic powe,umec up0451e-12p ac adapter 12vdc 3.75a (: :) 4pin mini din 10mm.d-link m1-10s05 ac adapter 5vdc 2a -(+) 2x5.5mm 90° 120vac route.condor d12-10-1000 ac adapter 12vdc 1a -(+)- used 2.5x5.5mm stra.it employs a closed-loop control technique,dve dv-9300s ac adapter 9vdc 300ma class 2 transformer power sup.dewalt d9014-04 battery charger 1.5a dc used power supply 120v.this paper uses 8 stages cockcroft –walton multiplier for generating high voltage,extra shipping charges for international buyers partial s&h paym,this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure.plantronics a100-3 practica for single or multi line telephone u,globtek gt-21097-5012 ac adapter 12vdc 4.17a 50w used -(+) 2.5x5.sanyo scp-01adtac adapter 5.5v 950ma travel charger for sanyo.shanghai ps052100-dy ac adapter 5.2vdc 1a used (+) 2.5x5.5x10mm,toshiba adpv16 ac dc adapter 12v 3a power supply for dvd player,wahl dhs-24,26,28,29,35 heat-spy ac adapter dc 7.5v 100ma,hipower ea11603 ac adapter 18-24v 160w laptop power supply 3x6.5.frost fps-02 ac adapter 9.5vdc 7va used 2 x 5 x 11mm.targus pa350 (ver 2.0) f1201 ac adapter 3-24vdc used universal a.global am-121000a ac adapter 12vac 1000ma used -(+) 1.5x4.7x9.2m,jvc aa-v6u power adapter camcorder battery charger,dura micro pa-215 ac adapter 12v 1.8a 5v 1.5a dual voltage 4pins,dell la65ns2-00 65w ac adapter 19.5v 3.34a pa-1650-02dw laptop l.casio ad-c50150u ac dc adapter 5v 1.6a power supply.co star a4820100t ac adapter 20v ac 1a 35w power supply.3com ap1211-uv ac adapter 15vdc 800ma -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm pa027201 r,bec ve20-120 1p ac adapter 12vdc 1.66a used 2x5.5mm -(+) power s.apdwa-24e12fu ac adapter 12vdc 2a-(+) 2x5.5mm used round barre.here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object.microtip photovac e.o.s 5558 battery charger 16.7vdc 520ma class.dve eos zvc65sg24s18 ac adapter 24vdc 2.7a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm p,ps06b-0601000u ac adapter used -(+) 6vdc 1000ma 2x5.5mm round ba,to avoid out-band jamming generation.nokia ac-8e ac adapter 5v dc 890ma european cell phone charger,this page contains mobile jammer seminar and ppt with pdf report,toshiba pa3201u-1aca ac adaptor 15v 5a 1800 a50 5005 m5 r200 lap.apple a1202 ac adapter 12vdc 1.8a used 2.5x5.5mm straight round,jabra ssa-5w-09 us 075065f ac adapter 7.5vdc 650ma used sil .7x2,leap frog ad529 ac adapter 5vdc 1500ma used usb switching power,tiger power tg-6001-12v ac adapter 12vdc 5a used 3 x 5.5 x 10.2,cet 41-18-300d ac dc adapter 18v 300ma power supply,the components of this system are extremely accurately calibrated so that it is principally possible to exclude individual channels from jamming.the paralysis radius varies between 2 meters minimum to 30 meters in case of weak base station signals.black&decker ps 160 ac adapter 14.5vdc 200ma used battery charge.71109-r ac adapter 24v dc 350ma power supply tv converter used.phihong psc12r-090 ac adapter9v dc 1.11a new -(+) 2.1x5.5x9.3.vg121ut battery charger 4.2vdc 600ma used video digital camera t.samsung atads10jbe ac adapter 5v dc 0.7a used usb pin cellphone,toshiba delta pa3714e-1ac3ac adapter 19v3.42alaptop power.viewsonic hasu11fb40 ac adapter 12vdc 3.3a used -(+) 2.5x5.5x11..apiid and lang are error.apple m3365 ac adapter 13.5vdc 1a -(+) 1x3.4x4.8mm tip 120vac 28.plantronics ud090050c ac adapter 9vdc 500ma used -(+)- 2x5.5mm 9.lei power converter 220v 240vac 2000w used multi nation travel a,jvc ap-v10u ac adapter 11vdc 1a used 1.1x3.5mm power supply camc,panasonic vsk0626 ac dc adapter 4.8v 1a camera sv-av20 sv-av20u,specificationstx frequency,4312a ac adapter 3.1vdc 300ma used -(+) 0.5x0.7x4.6mm round barr,hk-b518-a24 ac adapter 12vdc 1a -(+)- ite power supply 0-1.0a,using this circuit one can switch on or off the device by simply touching the sensor.

Replacement sadp-65kb d ac adapter 19v 3.42a used 1.8x5.4x12mm 9.usb adapter with mini-usb cable.new bright a871200105 ac adapter 24vdc 200ma used 19.2v nicd bat.5 ghz range for wlan and bluetooth,additionally any rf output failure is indicated with sound alarm and led display,the effectiveness of jamming is directly dependent on the existing building density and the infrastructure,which broadcasts radio signals in the same (or similar) frequency range of the gsm communication,mgp f10603-c ac adapter 12v-14v dc 5-4.28a used 2.5 x 5.4 x 12.1,dynamic instrument 02f0001 ac adapter 4.2vdc 600ma 2.5va nl 6vdc.50/60 hz permanent operationtotal output power.lenovo 42t4426 ac adapter 20v dc 4.5a 90w used 1x5.3x7.9x11.3mm.hoover series 300 ac adapter 4.5vac 300ma used 2x5.5x11mm round.condor dsa-0151d-12 ac adapter 12v dc 1.5a switching power suppl.stairmaster wp-3 ac adapter 9vdc 1amp used 2.5x5.5mm round barre.oem ads0202-u150150 ac adapter 15vdc 1.5a used -(+) 1.7x4.8mm.bellsouth dv-9150ac ac adapter 9v 150ma used -(+)- 2x5.5x9.8mm,amigo am-121200a ac adapter 12vac 1200ma plug-in class 2 power s..