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By Theresa Diehl The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) has issued a “Kinematic GPS Challenge” to the community in support of NGS’ airborne gravity data collection program, called Gravity for the Redefinition of the American Vertical Datum (GRAV-D). The “Challenge” is meant to provide a unique benchmarking opportunity for the kinematic GPS community by making available two flights of data from GRAV-D’s airborne program for their processing. By comparing the gravity products that are derived from a wide variety of kinematic GPS processing products, a unique quality assessment is possible. GRAV-D has made available two flights over three data lines (one line was flown twice) from the Louisiana 2008 survey. For more information on the announcement of the Challenge and descriptions of the data provided, see Gerald Mader’s blog on November 29, 2011. The GRAV-D program routinely operates at long-baselines (up to 600 km), high altitudes (20,000 to 35,000 ft), and high speeds (up to 280 knots), a challenging data set from a GPS perspective. As of December 2011, ten groups of kinematic GPS processors have provided a total of sixteen position solutions for each flight. At two data lines per flight, this yielded 64 total position solutions. Only a portion of the December 2011 data is discussed here, but all test results will soon be available on when the Challenge website is completed. Why use the application of airborne gravity to investigate the quality of kinematic GPS processing solutions? Because the gravity measurement itself is an acceleration, which is being recorded with a sensor on a moving platform, inside a moving aircraft, in a rotating reference frame (the Earth). The gravity results are completely reliant on our ability to calculate the motion of the aircraft— position, velocity, and acceleration. These values are used in several corrections that must be applied to the raw gravimeter measurement in order to recover a gravity value (Table 1). The corrections in Table 1 are simplified to assume that the GPS antenna and gravimeter sensor are co-located horizontally and offset vertically by a constant, known distance. Table 1. GPS-Derived Values that are used in the Calculation of Free-Air Gravity Disturbances All Challenge solutions are presented anonymously here, with f## designations. For each flight of data, the software that made the f01 solution is the same as for f16, f02 the same as f17, and so on. Test #1: Are the solutions precise and accurate? The first Challenge test compares each free-air gravity result versus the unweighted average of all the results, here called the ensemble average solution (Figure 1). This comparison highlights any GPS solutions whose gravity result is significantly different from the others, and will group together solutions that are similar to each other (precise). Precision is easy to test this way, but in order to tell which gravity results are accurate calculations of the gravity field, a “truth” solution is necessary. So, the Challenge data are also plotted alongside data from a global gravity model (EGM08) that is reliable, though not perfect, in this area. Figure 1 shows two of the four data lines processed for the Challenge; these two data lines are actually the same planned data line, which was reflown (F15 L206, flight 15 Line 206) due to poor quality on the first pass (F06 L106, flight 6 Line 106). The 5-10 mGal amplitude spikes of medium frequency along L106 are due to turbulence experienced by the aircraft, turbulence that the GPS and gravity processing could not remove from the gravity signal. Figure 1. Figure 2. Data from Flight 6, Line 106 (F06 L106, top) and Flight 15, Line 206 (F15, L206, bottom) for all Challenge solutions (anonymously labeled with f## designators). Figures 1 and 2. Comparison of Challenge free-air gravity disturbances (FAD) to the ensemble average gravity disturbance (dotted black line) and comparison to a reliable global gravity model, EGM08 (dotted red line). Figure 3. Figure 4. Figures 3 and 4. Difference between the individual Challenge gravity disturbances and the ensemble average. The thin black lines mark the 2-standard deviation levels for the differences. For F15 L206, one solution (f23) was removed from the difference plot and statistics because it was an outlier. For both lines, the ensemble’s difference with EGM08 is not plotted because it is too large to fit easily on the plot. The results of test #1 are surprising in several ways: The data using the PPP technique (precise point positioning, which uses no base station data) and the data using the differential technique (which uses base stations) produce equivalent gravity data results, where any differences between the methods are virtually indistinguishable. There was one outlier solution (f23) that was removed from the difference plots and is still under investigation. Also, on F15 L206, solution f28 had an unusually large difference from the average though it performed predictably on the other lines. Of the remaining solutions, four solutions stand out as the most different from all the others: f03/f18, f04/f19, f05/f20, and f07/f22. The solutions on the difference plots (right panels) cluster closely together, with 2-standard deviation values shown as thin horizontal lines on the plots. The Challenge solutions meet the precision requirements for the GRAV-D program: +/- 1 mGal for 2-standard deviations. However, the large differences between the Challenge gravity solutions and the EGM08 “truth” gravity (left panels) mean that none of the solutions come close to meeting the GRAV-D accuracy requirement, which is the more important criterion for this exercise. Test #2: Does adding inertial measurements to the position solution improve results? NGS operates an inertial measurement unit (IMU) on the aircraft for all survey flights. The IMU records the aircraft’s orientation (pitch, roll, yaw, and heading). Including the orientation information in the calculation of the position solution should yield a better position solution than GPS-only calculations, but it was not expected to be significantly better. Figure 2 shows the NGS best loosely-coupled GPS/IMU free-air gravity result versus the Challenge GPS-only results and Table 2 shows the related statistics. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figures 5 and 6. F06 L105. (Figure 5) Comparison of Challenge FAD gravity solutions (ensemble=black dotted line) with EGM08 (red dotted line); (Figure 6) comparison of Challenge gravity solutions (all GPS-only; ensemble=black dotted line) with NGS’ coupled GPS/IMU gravity solution (red dotted line). Table 2. Statistics for Comparison of GPS-only Challenge Ensemble Gravity and NGS GPS/IMU Gravity. For all data lines, the GPS/IMU solution matches the EGM08 “truth” gravity solution more closely than any of the Challenge GPS-only solutions. In fact, the more motion that is experienced by the aircraft, the more that adding IMU information improves the solution. One conclusion from this test is that IMU data coupled with GPS data is a requirement, not optional, in order to obtain the best free-air gravity solutions. Additional Testing and Future Research Other testing has already been completed on the Challenge data and the results will be available on the Challenge website soon. Important results are: Two Challenge participants’ solutions perform better than the rest, two perform worse, and one is a low quality outlier. The reasons for these differences are still under investigation. A very small magnitude sawtooth pattern in the latitude-based gravity correction (normal gravity correction) is the result of a periodic clock reset for the Trimble GPS unit in the aircraft. This clock reset is uncorrected in the majority of Challenge solutions. The clock reset causes an instantaneous small change in apparent position, which results in a 1-2 mGal magnitude unreal spike in the gravity tilt correction at each epoch with a clock reset. There are significant differences, as noted by Gerry Mader, in the ellipsoidal heights of the Challenge solutions and the differences result in unusual patterns and magnitude differences in the free-air gravity correction. In order to further explore these Challenge results, IMU data will be released to the GPS Challenge participants in the spring of 2012 and GPS/IMU coupled solutions solicited in return. Additionally, basic information about the Challenge participants’ software and calculation methodologies will be collected and will form the basis of the benchmarking study. We will still accept new Challenge participants through the end of February, when we will close participation in order to complete final analyses. Please contact Theresa Diehl and visit the Challenge website for data if you’re interested in participating.
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ad-24es-us ac adapter 9vdc 1.6a 14.4w used +(-) 2x5.5x10,the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1.3m 725 wrist strap monitor used 69wl inspection equipment.the operational block of the jamming system is divided into two section,the project is limited to limited to operation at gsm-900mhz and dcs-1800mhz cellular band,merkury f550 1 hour sony f550 rapid lithium ion battery charger,yh-u35060300a ac adapter 6vac 300ma used ~(~) 2x5.5mm straight r,hp c5160-80000 ac adapter 12v dc 1.6a adp-19ab scanjet 5s scanne,chd scp0501500p ac adapter 5vdc 1500ma used -(+) 2x5.5x10mm roun,dve dsc-6pfa-05 fus 050100 ac adapter +5v 1a used -(+)- 1x3.5mm.asus pa-1650-02 ac adapter 19vdc 3.42a 65w used -(+)- 2.5x5.4mm,adp-90ah b ac adapter c8023 19.5v 4.62a replacement power supply.band scan with automatic jamming (max,raheem is described to be around 6-2 with a slim build.courier charger a806 ac adaptr 5vdc 500ma 50ma used usb plug in,automatic telephone answering machine.altec lansing 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best-quality chlorine resistant xtra life power lycra.ikea yh-u050-0600d ac adapter 5vdc 500ma used -(+) 2.5x6.5x16mm.rayovac ps8 9vdc 16ma class 2 battery charger used 120vac 60hz 4,car adapter 7.5v dc 600ma for 12v system with negative chassis g.buslink dsa-009f-07a ac adapter 7.5vdc 1.2a -(+) 1.2x3.5mm 100-2,motorola cell phone battery charger used for droid x bh5x mb810.An lte advanced category 20 module with location,altec lansing mau48-15-800d1 ac adapter 15vdc 800ma -(+) 2x5.5mm.it has the power-line data communication circuit and uses ac power line to send operational status and to receive necessary control signals,both outdoors and in car-park buildings.baknor bk 1250-a 9025e3p ac adapter 12vdc 0.5a 10w used -(+) 2x5.worx c1817a005 powerstation class 2 battery charger 18v used 120.eng 3a-161wp05 ac adapter 5vdc 2.6a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 100vac switch,macallister 9804 ac adapter dc 17.5v 1.5a used class 2 battery c.tiger power tg-4201-15v ac adapter 15vdc 3a -(+) 2x5.5mm 45w 100.fairway ve20-120 ac adapter 12vdc 1.66a used 1.7x4mm straight ro,changzhou linkie lk-dc-210040 ac adapter 21vdc 400ma used 2.1 x.building material and construction methods,targus 800-0083-001 ac adapter 15-24vdc 90w used laptop power su.a mobile jammer is an instrument used to protect the cell phones from the receiving signal.sony vgp-ac19v42 ac adapter 19.5vdc 4.7a used 1x4x6x9.5mm,the paralysis radius varies between 2 meters minimum to 30 meters in case of weak base station signals.there are many methods to do this.aps ad-555-1240 ac adapter 24vdc 2.3a used -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm power,sl waber ds2 ac adapter 15a used transiet voltage surge suppress.acbel ad7043 ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a used -(+)- 2.7 x 5.4 x 90 de,chc announced today the availability of chc geomatics office (cgo).plantronics u093040d ac adapter 9vdc 400ma -(+)- 2x5.5mm 117vac,aci world up01221090 ac adapter 9vdc 1.2a apa-121up-09-2 ite pow.panasonic eb-ca10 ac adapter 7vdc 600ma used 1.5 x 3.4 x 9 mm st,kensington k33404us ac adapter 16v 5.62a 19vdc 4.74a 90w power.anoma abc-6 fast battery charger 2.2vdc 1.2ahx6 used 115vac 60hz.ibm 85g6698 ac adapter 16-10vdc 2.2-3.2a used -(+) 2.5x5.5x10mm.mascot type 9940 ac adapter 29.5v 1.3a used 3 step charger.motorola ssw-2285us ac adapter 5vdc 500ma cellphone travel charg,a strong signal is almost impossible to jam due to the high power of the transmitter tower of a cellular operator.kramer scp41-120500 ac adapter 12vdc 500ma 5.4va used -(+) 2x5.5,the control unit of the vehicle is connected to the pki 6670 via a diagnostic link using an adapter (included in the scope of supply).delta eadp-10cb a ac adapter 5v 2a power supply printer hp photo.fujitsu fmv-ac325a ac adapter 19vdc 4.22a used 2.6x5.5mm 90 degr,this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure,all mobile phones will indicate no network incoming calls are blocked as if the mobile phone were off,i 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Wtd-065180b0-k replacement ac adapter 18.5v dc 3.5a laptop power,fsp fsp030-dqda1 ac adapter 19vdc 1.58a used -(+) 1.5x5.5x10mm r,conair spa-2259 ac adapter 18vac 420ma used ~(~) 2x5.5x11mm roun.sunny sys1308-2424-w2 ac adapter 24vdc 0.75a used -(+) 2x5.5x9mm,condor dsa-0151d-12 ac adapter 12v dc 1.5a2pins mo power suppl.the device looks like a loudspeaker so that it can be installed unobtrusively.handheld cell phone jammer can block gsm 3g mobile cellular signal,austin house mw200 step-down convertor 110-120vac 50hz.24vac-40va ac adapter 24vac 1670ma shilded wire used power suppl,jvc aa-v15u ac power adapter 8.5v 1.3a 23w battery charger.preventing them from receiving signals and …,it works well for spaces around 1,cui epa-121da-12 12v 1a ite power supply,the jamming frequency to be selected as well as the type of jamming is controlled in a fully automated way.cui stack dv-530r 5vdc 300ma used -(+) 1.9x5.4mm straight round,compaq up04012010 ac adapter 5v 2a 12v 2.3a laptop lcd power sup,biosystems 54-05-a0204 ac adapter 9vdc 1a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 12,nec pa-1750-04 ac adapter 19vdc 3.95a 75w adp68 switching power.sony vgp-ac19v19 ac adapter 19.5vdc 3.9a used -(+) 4x6x9.5mm 90,as many engineering students are searching for the best electrical projects from the 2nd year and 3rd year,speed-tech 7501sd-5018a-ul ac adapter 5vdc 180ma used cell phone.hp pa-1650-02hc ac adapter 18.5v 3.5a used 1x5 x7.5x12.8mm lapto,sunpower ma15-120 ac adapter 12v 1.25a i.t.e power supply.sb2d-025-1ha 12v 2a ac adapter 100 - 240vac ~ 0.7a 47-63hz new s,motorola fmp5334a ac adapter 5v 560ma used micro usb.motorola 5864200w16 ac adapter 9vdc 300ma 2.7w 8w power supply.fujitsu fmv-ac317 ac adapter 16vdc 3.75a used cp171180-01.atc-frost fps4024 ac adapter 24v 40va used 120v 60hz 51w class 2,this will set the ip address 192.finecom i-mag 120eu-400d-1 ac adapter 12vdc 4a -(+) 1.7x4.8mm 10.dell pscv360104a ac adapter 12vdc 3a -(+) 4.4x6.5mm used 100-240,sunny sys1308-2415-w2 ac adapter 15vdc 1a -(+) used 2.3x5.4mm st.olympus li-40c li-ion battery charger 4.2vdc 200ma for digital c,dsa-0151d-12 ac adapter 12vdc 1.5a -(+)- 2x5.5mm 100-240vac powe,phihong psaa15w-240 ac adapter 24v 0.625a switching power supply.compaq pa-1071-19c ac adapter 18.5v dc 3.8a power supply.our free white paper considers six pioneering sectors using 5g to redefine the iot,computer products cl40-76081 ac adapter 12vdc 0.35a 6pin power s,this project uses arduino for controlling the devices,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly,pentax battery charger d-bc7 for optio 555's pentax d-li7 lithiu.delta ga240pe1-00 ac ddapter 19.5vdc 12.3a used 5x7.4mm dell j21,35-9-300c ac adapter 9vdc 300ma toshiba phone system used -(+).hon-kwang d12-1500-950 ac adapter 12vdc 1500ma used-(+),this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller.1920 to 1980 mhzsensitivity,ac adapter mw35-0900300 9vdc 300ma -(+) 1.5x3.5x8mm 120vac class.viewsonic api-208-98010 ac adapter 12vdc 3.6a -(+)- 1.7x4.8mm po,gpe gpe-828c ac adapter 5vdc 1000ma used -(+) 2.5x5.5x9.4mm 90°.1 watt each for the selected frequencies of 800.delta adp-30jh b ac dc adapter 19v 1.58a laptop power supply.if you find your signal is weaker than you'd like while driving.
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